Age and Type of Delivery as Risk Indicators for Maternal Mortality / Idade e tipo de parto como indicadores de risco para mortalidade materna

Abstract Objective: This study assessed maternal mortality (MM) and related factors in a large-sized municipality in the Southeastern region of Brazil (Campinas, São Paulo) during the period 2000-2015. Methods: This study consisted of two phases: 1. An analytical nested case-control phase that assessed the impact of individual and contextual variables on MM; and 2. an ecological phase designed to contextualize maternal deaths by means of spatial analysis. The case group consisted of all maternal deaths (n = 87) and the control group consisted of 348 women who gave birth during the same period. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, association, and multiple logistic regression (MLR) tests at p < 0.05 as well as spatial analysis. Results: Maternal Mortality Ratio was 37 deaths per 100.000 live births. Deaths were dispersed throughout the urban territory and no formation of cluster was observed. MLR showed that pregnant women aged > 35 years old (OR = 2.63) or those with cesarean delivery (OR = 2.51) were more prone to maternal death. Conclusion: Maternal deaths were distributed dispersedly among the different socioeconomic levels and more prone to occur among older women or those undergoing cesarean deliveries.

Resumo Objetivo: Esse estudo avaliou a mortalidade materna (MM) e fatores relacionados em um município de grande porte da região sudeste do Brasil (Campinas, São Paulo) no período de 2000-2015. Métodos: Esse estudo consistiu de duas fases: 1. Uma fase analítica de caso-controle que avaliou o impacto de variáveis individuais e contextuais na MM; 2. Uma fase ecológica delineada para contextualizar as mortes maternas por meio de análise espacial. O grupo caso consistiu de 87 mortes maternas e o grupo controle de 348 mulheres que tiveram bebês durante o mesmo período. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, testes de associação e regressão logística múltipla (RLM) (p < 0,05) assim como análise espacial. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade materna foi de 37 mortes para cada 100.000 nascidos vivos. As mortes foram dispersas por todo o território urbano e não se observou formação de clusters. Na RLM observou-se que mulheres grávidas com idade > 35 anos (OR = 2,63) ou aquelas que passaram por cesárea (OR = 2,51) foram mais propensas à morte materna. Conclusão: As mortes maternas foram distribuídas dispersamente entre os diferentes níveis socioeconômicos e mais propensas a ocorrer entre mulheres > 35 anos de idade ou que passaram por cesárea.

A Technical Assistance Curriculum for Expanding Sustainable School-Based Oral Health Programs in the Carolinas' Dental Safety Net.

PURPOSE: School-based oral health programs (SBOHPs) provide opportunities to address oral health inequities by providing convenient access points for care. No published guidelines on SBOHP implementation existed. Our work describes how philanthropic, public, and academic organizations partnered to support dental safety net providers with designing comprehensive SBOHPs in North and South Carolina. DESCRIPTION: A multi-sector leadership team was established to manage a new SBOHP philanthropic-funded grant program organized into two phases, Readiness and Implementation, with the former a 6-month planning period in preparation of the latter. Readiness included technical assistance (TA) delivered through coaching and 15 online learning modules organized in four domains: operations, finance, enabling services, and impact. Organizations could apply for implementation grants after successful TA completion. Process evaluation was used including a Readiness Stoplight Report for tracking progression. ASSESSMENT: Ten Readiness grantees completed the TA. A variety of models resulted, including mobile, portable and fixed clinics. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the readiness stoplight reports. Components of the operation and finance domains required were the most time-intensive, specifically the development of policy manuals, production goals, and financial performance tracking. CONCLUSION: The program's structure resulted in (a) a two-state learning community, (b) SBOHP practice and policy alignment, and (c) coordinated program distribution. TA improvements are planned to account for COVID-19 threats, including school closures, space limitations, and transmission fears. Telehealth, non-aerosolizing procedures, and improved scheduling and communication can address concerns. Organizations considering SBOHPs should explore similar recommendations to navigate adverse circumstances.

Análise de custo-efetividade de métodos preventivos para superfície oclusal de acordo com o risco de cárie: resultados de um ensaio clínico controlado / Cost-effectiveness analysis of preventive methods for occlusal surface according to caries risk: results of a controlled clinical trial / Análisis del coste-efectividad de los métodos preventivos para una superficie oclusal según el riesgo de caries: resultados de un ensayo clínico controlado

Este estudo apresenta o resultado de uma avaliação de custo-efetividade conduzida ao longo de um ensaio clínico controlado para avaliar a efetividade do selamento com ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Vitremer, 3M ESPE) e da aplicação de verniz fluoretado (Duraphat, Col-gate) em superfícies oclusais de primeiros molares permanentes, em crianças de 6 a 8 anos (N = 268), segundo o risco de cárie (alto risco; baixo risco). As crianças foram examinadas semestralmente, ao longo de 24 meses, pelo mesmo dentista calibrado, após alocação em seis grupos: controle alto risco e baixo risco (educação em saúde bucal trimestral); verniz alto risco e baixo risco (educação em saúde bucal trimestral + aplicação semestral de verniz); e selante alto risco e baixo risco (educação em saúde bucal trimestral + única aplicação do selante). A análise mostrou que o selamento de primeiros molares permanentes em crianças de alto risco apresentou razão de C/E de R$ 225,21(US$ 119,80) por superfície oclusal salva, e razão incremental de C/E de R$ 203,71(US$ 108,36) por superfície oclusal adicional salva. Conclui-se que uma única aplicação de selante, em escolares de alto risco, foi a intervenção mais custo-efetiva.

This study presents the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis in a controlled clinical trial on the effectiveness of a modified glass ionomer resin sealant ( Vitremer, 3M ESPE) and the application of fluoride varnish (Duraphat, Colgate) on occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in children 6-8 years of age (N = 268), according to caries risk (high versus low). Children were examined semiannually by the same calibrated dentist for 24 months after allocation in six groups: high and low risk controls (oral health education every three months); high and low risk with varnish (oral health education every three months + varnish biannually); and high and low risk with sealant (oral health education every three months + a single application of sealant). Economic analysis showed that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren showed a C/E ratio of US$ 119.80 per saved occlusal surface and an incremental C/E ratio of US$ 108.36 per additional saved occlusal surface. The study concluded that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren was the most cost-effective intervention.

En este estudio se presentan los resultados de una evaluación de costo-efectividad (C/E) durante un ensayo clínico controlado para evaluar la efectividad de la obturación con ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina (Vitremer, 3M ESPE) y la aplicación de barniz de flúor (Duraphat, Colgate) en las superficies oclusales de los primeros molares permanentes, para niños de 6-8 años (N = 268) de edad, de acuerdo con el riesgo de caries (alto riesgo-bajo riesgo). Los niños fueron examinados cada seis meses por el mismo dentista calibrado, durante 24 meses, después de haberle sido asignados seis grupos: control alto riesgo y bajo riesgo (educación de salud bucal cada tres meses); barniz alto riesgo y bajo riesgo (educación de salud bucal cada tres meses + barniz semestralmente); obturación alto riesgo y bajo riesgo (educación de salud bucal cada tres meses + una sola aplicación de ionómero de vidrio). El análisis económico mostró que la obturación de los primeros molares permanentes de escolares de alto riesgo presenta una relación C/E de US$ 119.80 de ahorro por superficie oclusal y una ratio C/E incremental de US$ 108.36 de ahorro adicional por superficie oclusal.

[Cost-effectiveness analysis of preventive methods for occlusal surface according to caries risk: results of a controlled clinical trial]. / Análise de custo-efetividade de métodos preventivos para superfície oclusal de acordo com o risco de cárie: resultados de um ensaio clínico controlado.

This study presents the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis in a controlled clinical trial on the effectiveness of a modified glass ionomer resin sealant ( Vitremer, 3M ESPE) and the application of fluoride varnish (Duraphat, Colgate) on occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in children 6-8 years of age (N = 268), according to caries risk (high versus low). Children were examined semiannually by the same calibrated dentist for 24 months after allocation in six groups: high and low risk controls (oral health education every three months); high and low risk with varnish (oral health education every three months + varnish biannually); and high and low risk with sealant (oral health education every three months + a single application of sealant). Economic analysis showed that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren showed a C/E ratio of US$ 119.80 per saved occlusal surface and an incremental C/E ratio of US$ 108.36 per additional saved occlusal surface. The study concluded that sealing permanent first molars of high-risk schoolchildren was the most cost-effective intervention.

Relação entre risco à cárie dentária e variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas em usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Amparo, SP: um estudo longitudinal / Relationship between dental caries risk and socioeconomic and demographic variables in users of the Family Health Strategy in the city of Amparo, SP: a longitudinal study

Objetivo: avaliar a influência das variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas no CPOD e na classificaçãode risco à carie dentária entre adultos e idosos das Unidades de Saúde da Família no município de Amparo,SP. Materiais e Métodos: a amostra contou com 109 indivíduos nascidos até 1989 e que tinham concluído o último tratamento odontológico em 2003 com nova avaliação clínica em 2010. Os critérios de risco à cárie foram aqueles propostos pela Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis dependentes (risco e CPOD) com as independentes (idade, renda, número de pessoas na família, grau de instrução, habitação, posse de automóvel, orientação profissional, acesso aos serviços de saúde e motivo da consulta) utilizou-se análise bivariada pelo teste de Qui-quadrado. Em seguida realizou-se regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: observou-se um aumento significativo no CPOD médio em todos os grupos etários, entre os anos de 2003 e 2010. Em relação ao risco à cárie dentária, 49 indivíduos se mantiveram ou migraram para o risco moderado, 55 permaneceram no alto risco e 5 migraram do risco moderado para o alto risco. Observou-se associação significativa entre o risco à cárie com o índice CPOD, o acesso aos serviços e o motivo da consulta. Os indivíduos que tiveram acesso aos serviços privados apresentaram menor risco de desenvolverem aumento de CPOD do que aqueles sem acesso. Conclusões: o acesso ao serviço odontológico privado reduziu o risco de aumento no índice CPOD. A experiência anterior de cárie, representada por maiores valores de CPOD, influenciou o risco atual de cárie nessa população.

Evaluation of the National Program of Oral Health Promotion (NPOHP) at schools in Castelo Branco, Portugal / Avaliação do Programa Nacional de Promoção em Saúde Oral (NPOHP) em escolares de Castelo Branco, Portugal

Aim: to evaluate the impact of the National Program of Oral Health Promotion (NPOHP) in children from Castelo Branco (Portugal) through the evaluation of DMFT/dmft indexes and the association between these indicators and different socioeconomic variables. Methodology: One hundred and thirty-five children aging 6-7 and 169 aging 11-12 years from public schools (urban and rural region) of Castelo Branco (Portugal) were randomly selected in the sample. Forty-nine percent of the children aging 6-7 and 55.0% aging 11-12 from the sample participated in the program. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to get information about socioeconomic, behavior and knowledge factors regarding to oral health. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied. Results: the dependent variable was ?dmft+DMFT?. Statistically significant differences were verified for both ages to the dmft+DMFT indexes means between the group that was assisted by the program and that one unassisted. Children assisted by NPOHP showed lower caries prevalence. Two independent variables (study group and father?s occupation) were statistically associated to caries experience (children aging 6-7). For children aging 11-12, caries experience was statistically associated to the study group, dwelling and father?s occupation. In the multivariate analysis, the variable ?study group? remained in the model for both agegroups. Conclusion: the children who were included inthe NPOHP program showed lower dental caries prevalence; therefore, it is crucial that children unassistedby the NPOHP program join it.

[Sample size and costs estimate in epidemiological survey of dental caries]. / Tamanho de amostra e estimativa de custo em levantamento epidemiológico de cárie dentária.

This study aimed to analyze how the prevalence and the distribution of dental caries influence the sample size in epidemiological surveys, and how much are the costs. Secondary data of oral health surveys in 12-year-old schoolchildren from Bauru in 1976, 1984, 1990, 1994, and 2001, and from Piracicaba in 2001 and 2005 were studied. Sample sizes were estimated taking into account the mean DMFT and standard deviation of each survey, establishing sampling errors of 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%. Costs were estimated considering permanent material, consumption material and human resources. The sample size in both towns needed to be increased, ranging from 119 in 1976 to 1,118 in 2001 in Bauru, and from 954 in 2001 to 1,252 in 2005 in Piracicaba, when a sampling error of 10% was considered. The cost of dental caries surveys was verified considering different sampling errors. This cost depends on how acceptable is the margin of difference between the true mean and the one found in the survey. In conclusion, the reduction in the prevalence of dental caries has determined the need for increase in sample size and in costs for conducting the surveys.

Tamanho de amostra e estimativa de custo em levantamento epidemiológico de cárie dentária / Sample size and costs estimate in epidemiological survey of dental caries

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar como a prevalência e a distribuição da cárie dentária influenciam o tamanho da amostra em levantamentos epidemiológicos, e os custos para sua realização. Foram utilizados dados de levantamentos realizados em escolares de 12 anos em Bauru nos anos de 1976, 1984, 1990, 1994 e 2001, e em Piracicaba nos anos de 2001 e 2005. Os tamanhos amostrais foram dimensionados considerando-se a média e o desvio padrão obtidos, fixando-se erro amostral em 1 por cento, 2 por cento, 5 por cento e 10 por cento. Os custos foram estimados considerando material permanente, de consumo e recursos humanos. Verificou-se aumento no tamanho das amostras em ambos os municípios, variando de 119 em 1976 para 1.118 em 2001 em Bauru, e de 954 em 2001 para 1.252 em 2005 em Piracicaba, considerando-se um erro amostral de 10 por cento. Considerando-se diferentes erros amostrais, verificou-se o custo para o levantamento, sendo que o mesmo depende do quanto o pesquisador se permite errar em relação ao verdadeiro valor da média da população. Conclui-se que a diminuição da prevalência da cárie dentária determinou o aumento no tamanho das amostras e a elevação dos custos para realização dos levantamentos.

This study aimed to analyze how the prevalence and the distribution of dental caries influence the sample size in epidemiological surveys, and how much are the costs. Secondary data of oral health surveys in 12-year-old schoolchildren from Bauru in 1976, 1984, 1990, 1994, and 2001, and from Piracicaba in 2001 and 2005 were studied. Sample sizes were estimated taking into account the mean DMFT and standard deviation of each survey, establishing sampling errors of 1 percent, 2 percent, 5 percent, and 10 percent. Costs were estimated considering permanent material, consumption material and human resources. The sample size in both towns needed to be increased, ranging from 119 in 1976 to 1,118 in 2001 in Bauru, and from 954 in 2001 to 1,252 in 2005 in Piracicaba, when a sampling error of 10 percent was considered. The cost of dental caries surveys was verified considering different sampling errors. This cost depends on how acceptable is the margin of difference between the true mean and the one found in the survey. In conclusion, the reduction in the prevalence of dental caries has determined the need for increase in sample size and in costs for conducting the surveys.

Assessment of caries experience in 12-year-old adolescents in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to analyse the association between socioeconomic and behavioural factors and the presence of active non-cavitated caries lesions in 12-year-old adolescents in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1001, 12-year-old adolescents who were selected by the cluster sampling method. A modified version of the World Health Organization criteria for identifying lesions including white lesions (WL) in enamel was used. Information on behavioural and socioeconomic factors was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. The outcome variables were DMFS, DMFS+WL and WL. The data obtained were analysed using the chi-square test and a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The mean DMFS was 1.87 (SD = 3.05) and DMFS+WL was 2.27 (SD = 3.66). The logistic regression model showed that income was statistically significantly associated with DMFS, DMFS+WL and WL, whereas educational level of the father, number of residents in the house and number of dental visits were associated with DMFS and DMFS+WL. The onset of toothbrushing was associated with WL. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that economic factors are associated with all stages of caries development. In addition to these factors, family size, number of dental visits, educational level of the father and onset of toothbrushing could be considered markers of dental health risk.

Occlusal tooth surface treatment plans and their possible effects on oral health care costs.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate decision making with regard to detection and treatment of carious lesions on occlusal tooth surfaces and to evaluate the possible costs related to the different treatment plans of a group of clinicians in private practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty extracted permanent teeth with no fillings or macroscopic carious cavitations were selected and radiographed, using a standard method similar to bitewing and then mounted in two models. A sample of 130 clinicians in private practice in Piracicaba, Brazil were asked to carry out combined visual-radiographic caries examination of the occlusal surfaces and to recommend possible treatment plans for each surface. Teeth were sectioned bucco-lingually and caries was assessed using a stereomicroscope and classified as either enamel or dentine lesions. The costs of treatments suggested by each examiner were calculated, using a fee scale reported by the Brazilian Federal Council of Dentistry. RESULTS: Most teeth (53.7%) that were found to be sound on histological examination were considered to have enamel lesions. In 85.7% of these cases, the clinicians recommended restorative treatments. There was about 14-fold difference among clinicians concerning the costs related to decision making. CONCLUSION: Not only did the clinicians overestimate the presence and depth of carious lesions, but they also tended to treat enamel lesions using invasive therapeutic procedures. Great disparities were observed with regard to treatment costs related to decision making. Assuming an in vivo situation, the clinicians may be performing overtreatments and consequently interfering in the quality of patients' oral health.

An overview of caries risk assessment in 0-18 year-olds over the last ten years (1997-2007)

This study aimed to review the dental literature about caries risk assessment over the last 10 years in order to show which variables have been considered risk predictors and risk factors of dental caries in infants, preschool-, schoolchildren and adolescents. A Medline search of the published English language literature from 1997 to 2007 was made for papers of longitudinal studies that reported on caries risk assessment. A total of 39 papers were included in this review. Most studies were conducted in schoolchildren (n=19), followed by preschool children (n=9), adolescents (n=7) and infants (n=4). Variables such as caries experience, gingival status, microbiological counts, oral hygiene, plaque mineral concentration, fluoride history, socioeconomic and educational level, demographic, anthropometrical, oral, dietary and toothbrushing habits were studied. Past caries experience has been the predominant predictor for future caries in 0-18- year-old subjects. Other variables, such as dietary habits, including sugar intake, and toothbrushing habits may also help identifying high-risk individuals. In conclusion, the variables related to caries experience continue to be the main predictor of caries increment.

Assessment of oral health status of pregnant women participating in a family health program in the city of Lucas do Rio Verde û MT û Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status of pregnant women. Eighty-eight (88) women who frequented the Pre-Natal program of the six Family Health Programs in the municipality of Lucas do Rio Verde-MT, Brazil, were assessed by clinical exam using the DMFT and CPI indexes. A DMFT index of 11.08 was found, and with regard to CPI, 40% of the pregnant women presented a sextant with bleeding. It was concluded that it is necessary to reinforce knowledge about oral health of the pregnant women examined, by means of preventive/educational programs with the purpose of improving the DMFT and CPI indexes.

Concentraçäo de flúor nos principais dentifrícios comercializados no Brasil e impacto da nova portaria de regulamentaçäo / Concentration of fluoride in the main marketed toothpastes in Brazil and the impact of the new decree of regulation

Tendo em vista a importância dos dentifrícios fluoretados na reduçäo da cárie dental, a recente mudança ocorrida na portaria brasileira que os regulamenta pode comprometer seu potencial terapêutico. Assim, foram analisados os cinco principais dentifrícios comercializadas no Brasil e um dentifrício recém-lançado, na vigência da portaria atual. Foram feitas determinaçöes de todas as formas de flúor, e principalmente do solúvel ("ativo" contra cárie). Para isto, utilizou-se eletrodo específico para íon flúor ORION 96-09 acoplado a um analisador de íons ORION EA 940 previamente calibrados. As concentraçöes (ppm), média ñ dp, de flúor total e solúvel encontradas nos dentifrícios (n=3) foram respectivamente: Colgate© 1321,6 ñ 49,4; 1026,6 ñ 159,4; Close-up© 994,0 ñ 22,3; 990,7 ñ 19,0; Gessy Lever© 1443,3 ñ38,2; 1217,3 ñ 116,9; Signal Flúor© 1394,0 ñ 124,6; 1305,6 ñ 96,8; Sorriso© 1356,3 ñ 18,7; 1164,9 ñ 28,4; Contente© 1423,1 ñ 19,7; 635,0 ñ 9,4. Os resultados demonstraram que embora a concentraçäo de flúor total nos dentifrícios analisados esteja de acordo com a portaria atual, a concentraçäo de flúor solúvel encontrada no dentifrício lançado na vigência desta näo atenderia a portaria anterior. Concluiu-se que é necessário revisar a portaria atual, a fim de garantir à populaçäo brasileira o acesso a dentifrícios contendo flúor potencialmente ativo em quantidade e qualidade que realmente seja capaz de interferir com o desenvolvimento da cárie dental